In the composition of electric bicycles, the power system is its heart, which directly determines the performance and endurance of the vehicle. With the continuous 

progress of science and technology, the power system of electric bicycles has undergone a major transformation from simple to complex, from inefficient to efficient, 

and has become a key factor in promoting the green travel revolution. This article will delve into the components, key technologies, and future trends of electric bicycle 

powertrains, revealing how this core component can provide riders with more robust, durable, and environmentally friendly power support.

Structure and working principle of power system

The electric bicycle power system is mainly composed of three core components: battery, motor and controller, which work together to convert chemical energy into 

mechanical energy and drive the vehicle forward.

Battery: As an energy storage unit, lithium-ion batteries are usually used, which have become the mainstream choice because of their high energy density, long cycle life 

and good environmental performance. The battery releases electricity through a chemical reaction, which is used by the motor.

Motor: divided into brush motor and brushless motor two kinds. Brushless DC motors are widely used for their high efficiency, low noise and low maintenance. The motor 

converts electrical energy into a rotating force that directly or indirectly drives the wheels to rotate.

Controller: As the brain, it adjusts the current of the motor according to the signal input by the rider (such as throttle opening), controls the motor speed, and realizes accurate 

control of the speed. At the same time, it is also responsible for monitoring the battery status, protecting the power system from overload, overheating and other damage.

Key technology innovation

High performance motor technology: including the development of permanent magnet synchronous motor and switched reluctance motor, improve the efficiency and power 

density of the motor, reduce energy consumption, and extend the driving range.

Battery Management Systems (BMS) : Optimize battery performance and extend service life by precisely managing the charge and discharge process of the battery, while ensuring 

battery safety and preventing overcharge, overdischarge and temperature anomalies.

Energy recovery system: When downhill or braking, the motor is reversed to generate power, and part of the kinetic energy is converted into electrical energy to feed back to the 

battery, effectively improving energy utilization efficiency.

Future development trend

Wireless charging technology: With the maturity of wireless charging technology, the future of electric bicycles is expected to achieve contactless charging, further improving 

the ease of use.

Intelligent power management: Through the Internet of Things, big data and other technologies, the electric bicycle power system will achieve more intelligent energy 

management, such as automatically adjusting the power output according to road conditions and riding habits, and improving energy efficiency.

Solid-state battery applications: Solid-state batteries, with their higher energy density, faster charging speed and better safety, are regarded as the key technology to 

improve the endurance of electric bicycles in the future.

Multi-modal power system: The hybrid power system combining human treadles and electric power assist will improve riding efficiency and adapt to a wider range of 

riding scenarios and user needs.

Conclusion

The technological progress of electric bicycle power system not only improves the riding experience, but also promotes the development of green transportation, showing 

the perfect combination of technology and environmental protection. With the continuous breakthrough and innovation of relevant technologies, the future of electric bicycles 

will be more intelligent, efficient and environmentally friendly, and become an important force to promote global green travel. Choosing an electric bicycle equipped with an 

advanced power system is not only a choice of travel mode, but also a choice of a responsible attitude to life in the future.